You may be asked to rate the intensity of your pain with a number, or by picking a "face" that represents how the pain makes you feel; this is called the "oucher" or "faces" chart. FLACC tool, The nurse is caring for a 6-year-old. The benefits of the NRS are its simplicity and validity. Oucher scale d. The Oucher Scale also contains 6 pictures of different pain levels, and the scale has the advantage of being available in different ethnic versions, such as examples for white, black, and Hispanic children. The OUCHER Scale — It was developed by Beyer in 1980 . It is an ethnically based self-report scale, which has three versions: Caucasian, African-American, and Hispanic [54, 55]. A 0 to 10 numerical rating scale was recommended for measuring pain intensity, and a 6-item Patient Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (PROMIS) short form for measuring pain. Adolescent and pediatric pain tool c. The reviewers found that the FPS-R scale was supported by the most extensive data for reliability and validity, though the WBFPRS and Oucher scales were adequately supported as well. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 1. Transferring toys. Oucher scale d. Numeric scale c. Numeric scale c. Imagery assessment questionnaire (IAQ) developed by researchers: manipulation check for imagery. Numeric scale d . FLACC tool, The nurse is caring for a 6-year-old girl. Oucher scale d. 5 related to behavioral response in the test and control groups, and approximately 30 for the subjective response14body language that leads you to suspect that a. , in search results, to enrich docs, and more. Download. Oucher. Self-report methods are not well established for three- and four-year-olds, although some can use the Pieces of Hurt tool ( 13 ) and faces scales ( 9 ). Dextromethorphan. Fotografías de niños en 6 niveles de malestar. FLACC tool, The nurse is caring for a 6-year-old. The Wong-Baker Scale also adds word descriptors to each face (no hurt, hurts a little, hurts a whole lot, etc. 05 and test power of 0. There are various scales available to match the child's ethnic heritage. Numeric scale c. MEDICIONES DE FITNESS: CARDIOPULMONAR: RESISTENCIA / GASTO DE ENERGÍA: MULTIDOMINIO: Fitness Gram. PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Application REF: 830 OBJ: Nursing Process: Assessment MSC: Client Needs:. Numeric scale c. Self-report measures are not sufficiently valid for children younger than 3 years of age because many are not able to accurately self-report their pain. Which pain assessment tool should the nurse use to assess this child for the presence of pain? a. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like A 2-year-old child has been returned to the nursing unit after an inguinal hernia repair. FLACC Behavioral Pain Assessment Scale The FLACC scale is an appropriate tool for infants and young children who cannot report pain. FACES pain rating tool b. 22, 23 Its metric is consistent with other visual analog scale pain measures. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like A 2-year-old child has been returned to the nursing unit after an inguinal hernia repair. Numeric scale c. FLACC tool ANS: D A behavioral pain tool should be used when the child is preverbal or does not have the language skills to express pain. The FLACC (face, legs, activity, cry, consolability) tool should be used with a 2-year-old child. A 2-year-old child has been returned to the nursing unit after an inguinal hernia repair. FACES pain rating tool b. Which pain assessment tool should the nurse use to assess this child for the presence of pain? a. View full document. b. and requires the child to point to each section on the scale to describe variations in pain intensity or to point to a picture and describe variations in pain. Self-reports of pain intensity are an oversimplification of the complexity of the experience of pain, but one that is necessary to evaluate and titrate pain-relieving treatments. 139 in book School age children - FACES scale, numeric rating scale, Visual analog scale, Poker chip scale Adolescents - Numeric rating, VAS, Adolescent pediatric pain tool (more descriptive) Children with special needs. Oucher pain rating scale (ages 3+, actual photos of children, must know number values) Poker Chip Tool (uses 1 to 4 poker chips to describe pain) Word-graphic rating scale (ages 8 to 15, child selects pain rating) Visual analog and numeric scales (ages 3+, scales of. Which pain assessment tool should the nurse use to assess this child for the presence of pain? a. 2005. Construct validity was supported for both the scales. 7) was lower than the preoperative Oucher scale (5. Construct validity was supported for both the scales. Pain scales are a necessity to assist with better assessment of pain and patient screening. The Oucher has not been validated for use by adults who. The research questions were: 1. A nurse would use the following pain scale to assess an adult client who has a visual deficit: Oucher scale; FACES scale; Visual analogue scale; Numerical scale; 1 points QUESTION 5. Which of the following pain scales should the nurse use? a. 16 Examples include the Wong–Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale, for use by children ages three to 18 years 31; the Faces Pain Scale–Revised (FPS-R), for use by children ages four years and older 21; and the Oucher Scale, for use by children ages three to. 0 ± 0. He cries and rolls his head from side to side a lot. The FACES pain rating scale and Oucher pain rating scale are appropriate for children as young as 3; however, in this situation the FLACC is required due to the child's inability to report his level of pain. The nurse is caring for a 6-year-old. However, it can be. PTS 1 DIF Cognitive Level Application REF 840 OBJ Nursing Process Assessment MSC from NURSING 330 at Dominican CollegeStudy with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 1. Which of the following is the most reliable indicator of the existence and intensity of acute pain? The severity of the condition causing the pain; The client's. physiologic signs and symptoms in combination with pain assessment tools are from NURS 431 at College of Mount Saint VincentJournal of Pediatric Nursing 3 (1), 11–23) to test the construct validity of the Oucher Scale. Which pain assessment tool should the nurse use to assess this child for the presence of pain? a. Responsiveness of scores to the pain associated with painful procedures was highest for the FLACC scale with an average increase of 5. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like A nurse is completing a pain assessment of an infant. Duration d. Photographs of children's faces are used, indicating increasing degrees of distress from 0 to 10. FLACC tool, 2. Oucher scale d. 3, respectively. A) FACES pain rating scale B) Oucher pain rating scale C) Poker chip tool D) Numeric pain intensity scale D The nurse uses the FLACC behavioral scale to assess a 6-year-old's level of postoperative pain and obtains a score of 9. Positive correlation then the validity of both scales. FLACC tool, The nurse is caring for a 6-year-old girl. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the findings. org) Skala Oucher adalah salah satu metode pengkajian nyeri yang digunakan khusus untuk anak-anak. Oucher pain scale: Description: A self-report pain assessment tool for children aged 3 to 12. These 4 scales were included in the review. FACES pain rating tool b. in Table 1, the effect of most of the various distraction in-Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like A 2-year-old child has been returned to the nursing unit after an inguinal hernia repair. 6 Visual analog scales such as those used for adults can be used in children age 8 and above, and include face scales such as the Oucher Pain Scale™ and Wong-Baker Faces. metaDescription}}The child’s perception of pain at the IV insertion site was measured with the Oucher (Aradine et al. Which pain assessment tool should the nurse use to assess this child for the presence of pain? a. FLACC tool, 2. Additionally, Oucher scores were obtained before and after analgesic administration. Results. Children, who are able to count to 100 by ones or tens and who understand e. Visual Analogue Scale. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like A first-time parent is discussing developmental milestones with the nurse. Which pain assessment tool should the nurse use to assess this child for the presence of pain? a. Duration d. Captopril med card - med card. The FACES, numeric, and Oucher scales are all self-report pain rating tools. The OUCHER Pain Scale consists of 6 images showing children faces representing a variety of pain intensities, which are convertible to scores of. Acute Disease. Children who are able to identify the larger of two numbers use the vertical. Which pain assessment tool should the nurse use to assess this child for the presence of pain? a. Therefore, this measure can be used with children from 3 to 12 years of age. Severity c. The child's assessment reveals guarding of the abdomen. In adults this is usually, on a scale of 0 – 10, with 0 being no pain and 10 being the worst pain imaginable. The Oucher Scale (which is available in different ethnic versions, permits children to rate. A behavioral pain tool should be used when the child is preverbal or doesn’t have the language skills to express pain. Oucher scale d. The Oucher consists of a laminated poster, comprising six colour photographs and a vertical, numerical scale. Children 3-4 and older. variable finding points Facial expression --Relaxed (restful face,neutral expression) -Grimace (tight facial muscle,furrowed brow,chin,jaw) 0-1 cry -No cry (quiet,not crying)Oucher pain rating scale The Oucher scale is a self-report scale appropriate for ages 3 to 13. 2004. Well-established: Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale (Wong & Baker, 1988) Visual Analog Scale (VAS) 1 (ages 7-adult) X : OUCHER 2,3 (ages 3-12) X : Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale 4 (ages 4-18) X : Faces Pain Scale-Revised (FPS-R) 5 (ages 4-16) X : Pieces of Hurt (Poker Chip Tool) 6 (ages 4-7) X : Numerical Rating Scale 7 (ages 8-adult) X : Colored Analog Scale 8 (ages 7-adult) X Oucher: This scale consists of 2 vertical scales, a numerical scale from 0-100 and a photographic scale that consists of 6 pictures of the face of a child with expressions demonstrating increasing discomfort. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like A 2-year-old child has been returned to the nursing unit after an inguinal hernia repair. [5]Numerous reliable and valid age, condition and language appropriate pain scales are available for use. Additionally, Oucher scores were obtained before and after analgesic administration. Since the purpose of a pain scale is to decide on analgesic therapy, a pain scale should measure the symptom that can be treated using analgesics. סרגל אאוצ'ר (the Oucher Scale) - צילומי פנים של ילדים החווים כאב בעוצמה מתגברת מ-1 עד 10. Walking b. A nurse is interpreting the results of a childs peak expiratory flow rate Which from NUR 214 at Wayne County Community College DistrictStudy with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like -1. Numeric pain scale. Oucher scale d. METHODS A prospective study. A child with injuries from a motor vehicle crash is crying, moaning, and thrashing about on the bed. Lower mean pain scores at four hourly intervals after medication supported the construct validity of the Oucher, an instrument designed to assess children’s perceptions of the intensity of their pain. FLACC tool ANS: D A behavioral pain tool should be used when the child is preverbal or doesn’t have the language skills to express pain. 1 to 3: Mild discomfort. FACES pain rating tool b. neuropathic 3. A 2-year-old child has been returned to the nursing unit after an inguinal hernia repair. Oucher scale d. Expand. . The Oucher (Beyer, 1984) Self-report photograph scale for pain intensity. Welcome to the Wong-Baker FACES Foundation The official home of the This tool was originally created with children for children to help them communicate about their pain. Numeric scale c. 3. The only tool validated for assessing pain in mechanically ventilated patients ages 0 to 18 years is the;Oucher pain scale. Non-communicating children's pain checklist, A nurse is planning care for a child following a surgical procedure. Because the Oucher is a single-item rather than a multiple-item scale, the determination of its alternate forms reliability requires a nontraditional approach. He cries and rolls his head from side to side a lot. FACES pain rating tool b. Oucher scale B. 6 Visual analog scales such as those used for adults can be used in children age 8 and above, and include face scales such as the Oucher Pain Scale™ and Wong-Baker Faces. Non-Communicating Children's Pain Checklist, A nurse is planning care for a child following a surgical procedure. This study examined the measurement properties of the numerical and photographic scales of the Oucher, an instrument designed to measure children's self-reports of pain intensity Seventy-four 3- to 12-year-old hospitalized children participated in the study The Oucher was tested against two fear and two other paro measures, the five instruments were. 35, df = 2, NS); for the preschool-age period. A 2-year-old child has been returned to the nursing unit after an inguinal hernia repair. FACES pain rating tool b. A 2-year-old child has been returned to the nursing unit after an inguinal hernia repair. Old Dominion University. As stated in our protocol, for a patient to receive opiate, he/she must have a. Numeric scale c. Which of the following interventions should the nurse include in the plan. Which pain assessment tool should the nurse use to assess this child for the presence of pain? a. FLACC tool, 2. Face, legs, activity, cry, consolability (FLACC) 2. The median Oucher scale score and interquartile range were lower in the S-Caine Patch™ group (0 and 0–35, respectively) compared with the placebo group (60 and 20–80, respectively) ( P < 0. Numeric scale c. The FLACC (face, legs, activity, cry, consolability) tool should be used with a 2-year-old child. Which pain assessment tool should the nurse use to assess this child for the presence of pain? a. The nurse is caring for a 6-year-old. The Poker Chip Tool can also be used with 3 year olds , where patients are given poker chips representing pieces of pain and asked to give the nurse how many. PMN. FLACC tool, While gathering a history, the school. FACES pain rating tool b. This most likely suggests which feature of pain? a. 78 (SD 2. FLACC tool ANS: D A behavioral pain tool should be used when the child is preverbal or doesn't have the language skills to express pain. validation, and continuing development of the Oucher: a measure of pain intensity. At that time, the preschooler points to the smiling face. g. Color Tool, Vocalization, facial expressions, and body movements that have. It is based on. Use a facial pain rating scale to evaluate. Each child chose a painful experience, rated his/her experience on each of the above scales, and then chose the scale he/she liked best. These faces were all illustrated or captured in an effort to create a graphic pain scale for pediatric patients. FLACC tool, The nurse is caring for a 6-year-old girl. Based on the nurse's knowledge of pain assessment tools and child development, which assessment tools are most appropriate for this age child? (Select all that apply) A. Numeric scale c. Which pain assessment tool should the nurse use to assess this child for the presence of pain? a. This study focuses on 3 selected infants showing extreme facial expression intensity to a common pain stimulus. Pain is a common presenting symptom for emergency. The faces scales—including the Wong-Baker, Oucher, and faces pain scale-revised (FPS-R)—are the most commonly used and accepted forms of pain assessment in children between 4 and 12 years of age. Beyer, RN, PhD Christine B. There are two vertical pain scales on the Oucher: (a) a numerical rating scale of 0–10 for older children and (b) a color photographic scale of child's faces with different pain expressions for younger children. c. FLACC tool, The nurse is caring for a 6-year-old. Numeric scale C. This psychometric examination determined whether children, by their scores. Which of the following. PTS 1 DIF Cognitive Level Application REF 833 OBJ Nursing Process Assessment MSC from NUR 1172 at University of the Fraser ValleyThe subjective response was measured based on a 100 point scale (Oucher scale) with a minimum of 0 points (meaning no pain), with a significance level of 0. Scores on the Oucher Scale, Analogue Chromatic Continuous Scale, and Child Medical Fear Scale were obtained after being administered concurrently on one occasion, either before or after surgery. low-dose morphine and more. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like A 2-year-old child has been returned to the nursing unit after an inguinal hernia repair. " This most likely suggests which feature of pain Type Duration Severity Location, Physiologic measurements in children's pain assessment are: The best. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like A nurse is caring for a group of clients on the pediatric unit. The VAS is indicated for use with older school-age children and adolescents. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. The OUCHER Pain Scale consists of 6 images showing children faces representing a variety of pain intensities, which are convertible to scores of. The construct validity and clinical applicability of two self- report scales, the Oucher Numeric and the Word Graphic Scales, were examined in this study and a majority of the children and nurses and all parents believed that a self-report scale was useful for assessment and communication of children’s pain following surgery. 2 The difference in blood pressure readings between the right and the left arms from NURSING N 224 at University of TexasPain severity was measured using OUCHER scale 10 min after catheterization. Was this document helpful? 0 0. These 4 scales were included in the review. We suggest that, in critically ill pediatric patients 6 yrs old and older who are capable of communicating, pain assessment via self-report be routinely performed using the Visual Analog Scale, Numeric Rating Scale, Oucher Scale, or Wong-Baker Faces pain scale. The Oucher scale may be particularly useful for children older than 7 years and for studies that are restricted to certain ethnic groups, the study authors write. Oucher Scale (children) Initial Pain Assessment. 3, and 83. The nurse is caring for a 6-year-old. @article{Yeh2005DevelopmentAV, title={Development and validation of the Asian version of the oucher: a pain intensity scale for children. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like A 2-year-old child has been returned to the nursing unit after an inguinal hernia repair. The FPS-R contains six faces, ranging from a neutral. Oucher scale d. FLACC tool. b. Evaluation of the child with joint pain and/or swelling. Oucher Scale for Pediatrics; Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD) Pediatric Pain Questionnaire (PPQ) for measuring pain in children;At present, the verbal numerical rating scale appears the most appropriate pain measure to administer in the prehospital setting for adult patients as it is practical and valid. Because the original large-sized posters were unwieldy for use by nurses with children in clinical. Numeric scale c. The Oucher scale, developed by Judith E. A 12-year-old client who has had an appendectomy B. Oucher scale. 8. Use: There are two manners of administration of the Oucher scale: numerical or photographic. The FLACC pain scale is a behavioral observation tool, appropriate for use in a nonverbal patient from ages 3 months to 7 years. FLACC tool, 2. Beyer and Shawndra B Turner and Leah Jones and Laura Young and Robin Onikul and Brenda S. Ages 3 & up - poster with 2 scales - Numeric 1-100 for children who can count, the other with 6 photographed faces for children who cannot count. FACES pain rating tool b. ANS: D A behavioral pain tool should be used when the child is preverbal or does not have the language skills to express pain. FLACC tool, 2. Pollack CV , Diercks DB , Thomas SH , Shapiro NI , Fanikos J , Mace SE , Rafique Z , Todd KH. The Oucher (Beyer, 1984) Self-report photograph scale for pain intensity. Oucher scale was used to measure pain intensity. Despite the magnitude of effects that pain can have on a child, it is often inadequately assessed and treated. The FLACC (face, legs, activity, cry, consolability) tool should be used with a 2-year-old child. Numerical rating scale (NRS) or VAS: a. A 2-year-old child has been returned to the nursing unit after an inguinal hernia repair. Faces pain scale – revised (FPS–R. AI Quiz. the clinician asks the patient to answer eight questions concerning location, duration, quality, intensity, and aggravating/relieving factors; the clinician adds questions about manner of expressing pain and the effects of pain that impairs one's quality of life;View full documentWe suggest that, in critically ill pediatric patients 6 yrs old and older who are capable of communicating, pain assessment via self-report be routinely performed using the Visual Analog Scale, Numeric Rating Scale, Oucher Scale, or Wong-Baker Faces pain scale. The Spark of an Idea. Oucher scale d. FLACC C. FACES pain rating tool b. FLACC tool, 2. scale (VAS), Oucher pain scale, and Wong-Baker FACES scale. The protocol also encouraged the use of pain scales for pain evaluation pre and postopiate doses, using the EVENDOL (EValuation ENfant DOuLeur) scale for children under the age of 4 years old, and the Oucher (27, 28) scale for children aged 4 years and older. FLACC tool, The nurse is caring for a 6-year-old. When pain is assessed in an infant, it is inappropriate to assess for a. The FACES pain-rating scale can be used to assess pain for children 3 years of age and older. The child points to the facial expression or number that reflects the intensity of pain they are experiencing. g. Which pain assessment tool should the nurse use to assess this child for the presence of pain? a. Severity c. 1016/J. Even though it covers a wide array of patients, it still has limits. Non-communicating children's pain checklist, A nurse is planning care for a. The VAS is indicated for use with older school-age children and adolescents. Children who do not understand numbers should use the picture scale. The nurse is caring for a 6-year-old girl who had surgery 12 hours. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like A 2-year-old child has been returned to the nursing unit after an inguinal hernia repair. It uses six drawings of faces to help the patient rate their pain on a scale of 0 to 5. Oucher pain scale. The FACES, numeric, and Oucher scales are all self-report pain rating tools. FLACC tool, 2. FACES pain rating tool b. Oucher scale d. A 2-year-old child has been returned to the nursing unit after an inguinal hernia repair. Localization of pain c. Apply the medication an hour before the procedure beings. 23) with a significant difference between the three pain scales (Table 1 ). Fourteen faces pain scales were identified, of which 4 have undergone extensive psychometric testing: Faces Pain Scale (FPS) (scored 0–6); Faces Pain Scale–Revised (FPS-R) (0–10); Oucher pain scale (0–10); and Wong-Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale (WBFPRS) (0–10). The Oucher scale has adequate psychometric properties in validity and reliability and can also be presented using photographed faces that match various ethnic and racial groups. Edad: 4 años o. FACES pain rating tool b. Wong/Baker Rating Scale d. Physiologic measurements in children's pain assessment are: a. lev el of 0. 1016/j. Welcome to the Wong-Baker FACES Foundation The official home of the This tool was originally created with children for children to help them communicate about their pain. FACES pain rating tool b. Oucher scale d. Numeric scale d. Self-report measures are not sufficiently valid for children younger than 3 years of age because many are not able to accurately self-report their pain. FACES pain rating tool b. Oucher scale d. It can be used by parents, nurses, teachers,. Oucher scale 2. Faces pain relating scale 3. Oucher scale d. " This most likely suggests which feature of pain? a. Because the original large-sized posters were unwieldy for use by nurses with children in clinical. A 2-year-old child has been returned to the nursing unit after an inguinal hernia repair. 57. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like A 2-year-old child has been returned to the nursing unit after an inguinal hernia repair. Numeric scale c. Self-report measures are not sufficiently valid for children younger than 3 years of age because many children are not able to self-report their pain accurately. Oucher pain scale. 10. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 1. Quality of Evidence: Low The FLACC (face, legs, activity, cry, consolability) tool should be used with a 2-year-old child. 7748/paed. Numeric scale c. Self-report pain scales developed for young children include the Poker Chip Scale, Wong-Baker Faces Scale (Fig. 1016/j. chronic. FACES b. The children’s perception of their pain was evaluated with the Oucher scale. 5 In general, self-report methods are useful in children at least five to six years old. The FACES, numeric, and Oucher scales are all self-report pain rating tools. A 2-year-old child has been returned to the nursing unit after an inguinal hernia repair. OUCHER Scale of Beyer and Wells can be used in children above 3 years. A 2-year-old child has been returned to the nursing unit after an inguinal hernia repair. 2005 Mar;6 (1):10-7. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like A 2-year-old child has been returned to the nursing unit after an inguinal hernia repair. There are many age-appropriate tools available for assessing pain in pediatrics. The FACES, numeric, and Oucher scales are all self- report pain rating tools. FLACC tool, The nurse is caring for a 6-year-old girl. PMID: 12025292 DOI: 10. Position the child laterally. Pain scales are a common communication tool in medical contexts, and are used in a variety of medical settings. 28 The first scale is a numerical scale for use with older children that ranges from 0 to 10. The nurse is caring for a 6-year-old. FLACC tool, The nurse is caring for a 6-year-old. A 3 year old child comes into casualty and you need to assess their pain. distress behaviors. 5. Oucher scale d. The numeric scale may be used with older children and adolescents. 1. A 2-year-old child has been returned to the nursing unit after an inguinal hernia repair. FLACC tool ANS- D A behavioral pain tool should be used when the child is preverbal or doesn’t have the language skills to express pain, The FLACC (face, legs, activity, cry, consolability) tool should be used with a 2-year-old child, The FACES, numeric, and Oucher scales are all self-report pain rating tools, Self-report measures are not. ) und jeweils für Mädchen und Jungen ab. If the numerical (0 - 10) scale is used , after being asked to grade his or her pain in a 0 (no pain) to 10 (maximum pain) range, the number named by the child. Quality of Evidence: Low1 A 2 year old child has been returned to the nursing unit after an inguinal from NURS MISC at University of Texas, El PasoStudy with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like reflexive sympathetic dystrophy, Pain assessment tools, deep somatic pain and more. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 1. FACES pain rating tool b. g. A nurse is caring for a child who is experiencing a seizure. de Oucher), ya que presenta diferentes ver-siones disponibles con imágenes de acuerdo . Severity d. Total views 78. Oucher scale b. The FACES, numeric, and Oucher scales are all self-report pain rating tools. Used with permission. Blood Pressure, Heart Rate. FLACC tool, The nurse is caring for a 6-year-old girl. ” Cómo usar el OUCHER Escala de dibujos: El siguiente es un ejemplo de como explicar la escala de dibujos a un niño/niña menor. FACES pain rating tool b. Nonpharmacologic strategies for. FACES pain rating tool b. While 39 out of 40 children successfully sorted happy from distressed faces, the present sample was less accurate in distinguishing levels of affect than the older children in the normative sample tested by McGrath, et al. 95 Test-retest reliability = 78% of children reported.